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1 выделяемый газ
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2 открывающий форму для выпуска газов
Русско-английский научный словарь > открывающий форму для выпуска газов
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3 дававший правую коррекцию газа
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > дававший правую коррекцию газа
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4 дает газ
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > дает газ
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5 дававший газ
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > дававший газ
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6 до
•The lake is up to 600 m deep.
•As many as 50 individual reaction steps might be necessary for complete synthesis.
•If the region of accumulation is extended as far as the emitter...
•These losses may be as much as 1.5% of the silver present.
•Barretters can measure powers as small as 10-8 watt.
•We have made wire in sizes down to 0.005 in diameter.
•The heater will heat the gas to the desired temperature.
•This will heat the thermistor enough to lower the resistance to 200 ohms.
•Pieces weighing up to (or not over) three kilograms may be used for the test.
II•The group I tRNAs arose prior to the others (биол.).
•Prior to the seventeenth century...
•Until the Three Mile Island accident the most widely discussed type of reactor malfunction was...
•Prior to testing, all specimens were dried.
•This decreases time to rupture.
•Paste adhesives are knife-coated to uniform thickness.
IV. перед•A globe valve is installed in the supply air line, upstream from (or of) the reducer, so that the air may be shut off by hand.
см. с точностью до* * *До(критический)-- In this and the sections that follow, reference is made to the subcritical, critical and supercritical ranges of Reynolds number. До -- prior to, previous to, in advance of, before, until, pending (прежде чем); to, until, as high as, up to, down to (вплоть до)Any changes proposed subsequent to Purchase Order placement shall not be made prior to agreement with the company.They should check the suitability of the load for treatment in advance of shipment.The test unit will be subjected to a limited post-test inspection program pending its removal from the test rig.Mach numbers as high as 0.7 were considered in the present study.Errors in concentricity can be assessed and recorded on polar graphs at magnifications of up to 10,000.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > до
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7 явление электрической дуги
явление электрической дуги
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[Интент]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
Electric arc phenomenon
The electric arc is a phenomenon which takes place as a consequence of a discharge which occurs when the voltage between two points exceeds the insulating strength limit of the interposed gas; then, in the presence of suitable conditions, a plasma is generated which carries the electric current till the opening of the protective device on the supply side.
Gases, which are good insulating means under normal conditions, may become current conductors in consequence of a change in their chemical-physical properties due to a temperature rise or to other external factors.
To understand how an electrical arc originates, reference can be made to what happens when a circuit opens or closes.
During the opening phase of an electric circuit the contacts of the protective device start to separate thus offering to the current a gradually decreasing section; therefore the current meets growing resistance with a consequent rise in the temperature.
As soon as the contacts start to separate, the voltage applied to the circuit exceeds the dielectric strength of the air, causing its perforation through a discharge.
The high temperature causes the ionization of the surrounding air which keeps the current circulating in the form of electrical arc. Besides thermal ionization, there is also an electron emission from the cathode due to the thermionic effect; the ions formed in the gas due to the very high temperature are accelerated by the electric field, strike the cathode, release energy in the collision thus causing a localized heating which generates electron emission.
The electrical arc lasts till the voltage at its ends supplies the energy sufficient to compensate for the quantity of heat dissipated and to maintain the suitable conditions of temperature. If the arc is elongated and cooled, the conditions necessary for its maintenance lack and it extinguishes.
Analogously, an arc can originate also as a consequence of a short-circuit between phases. A short-circuit is a low impedance connection between two conductors at different voltages.
The conducting element which constitutes the low impedance connection (e.g. a metallic tool forgotten on the busbars inside the enclosure, a wrong wiring or a body of an animal entered inside the enclosure), subject to the difference of potential is passed through by a current of generally high value, depending on the characteristics of the circuit.
The flow of the high fault current causes the overheating of the cables or of the circuit busbars, up to the melting of the conductors of lower section; as soon as the conductor melts, analogous conditions to those present during the circuit opening arise. At that point an arc starts which lasts either till the protective devices intervene or till the conditions necessary for its stability subsist.
The electric arc is characterized by an intense ionization of the gaseous means, by reduced drops of the anodic and cathodic voltage (10 V and 40 V respectively), by high or very high current density in the middle of the column (of the order of 102-103 up to 107 A/cm2), by very high temperatures (thousands of °C) always in the middle of the current column and – in low voltage - by a distance between the ends variable from some microns to some centimeters.
[ABB]Явление электрической дуги
Электрическая дуга между двумя электродами в газе представляет собой физическое явление, возникающее в тот момент, когда напряжения между двумя электродами превышает значение электрической прочности изоляции данного газа.
При наличии подходящих условий образуется плазма, по которой протекает электрический ток. Ток будет протекать до тех пор, пока на стороне электропитания не сработает защитное устройство.
Газы, являющиеся хорошим изолятором, при нормальных условиях, могут стать проводником в результате изменения их физико-химических свойств, которые могут произойти вследствие увеличения температуры или в результате воздействия каких-либо иных внешних факторов.
Для того чтобы понять механизм возникновения электрической дуги, следует рассмотреть, что происходит при размыкании или замыкании электрической цепи.
При размыкании электрической цепи контакты защитного устройства начинают расходиться, в результате чего постепенно уменьшается сечение контактной поверхности, через которую протекает ток.
Сопротивление электрической цепи возрастает, что приводит к увеличению температуры.
Как только контакты начнут отходить один от другого, приложенное напряжение превысит электрическую прочность воздуха, что вызовет электрический пробой.
Высокая температура приведет к ионизации воздуха, которая обеспечит протекание электрического тока по проводнику, представляющему собой электрическую дугу. Кроме термической ионизации молекул воздуха происходит также эмиссия электронов с катода, вызванная термоэлектронным эффектом. Образующиеся под воздействием очень высокой температуры ионы ускоряются в электрическом поле и бомбардируют катод. Высвобождающаяся, в результате столкновения энергия, вызывает локальный нагрев, который, в свою очередь, приводит к эмиссии электронов.
Электрическая дуга длится до тех пор, пока напряжение на ее концах обеспечивает поступление энергии, достаточной для компенсации выделяющегося тепла и для сохранения условий поддержания высокой температуры. Если дуга вытягивается и охлаждается, то условия, необходимые для ее поддержания, исчезают и дуга гаснет.
Аналогичным образом возникает дуга в результате короткого замыкания электрической цепи. Короткое замыкание представляет собой низкоомное соединение двух проводников, находящихся под разными потенциалами.
Проводящий элемент с малым сопротивлением, например, металлический инструмент, забытый на шинах внутри комплектного устройства, ошибка в электромонтаже или тело животного, случайно попавшего в комплектное устройство, может соединить элементы, находящиеся под разными потенциалами, в результате чего через низкоомное соединение потечет электрический ток, значение которого определяется параметрами образовавшейся короткозамкнутой цепи.
Протекание большого тока короткого замыкания вызывает перегрев кабелей или шин, который может привести к расплавлению проводников с меньшим сечением. Как только проводник расплавится, возникает ситуация, аналогичная размыканию электрической цепи. Т. е. в момент размыкания возникает дуга, которая длится либо до срабатывания защитного устройства, либо до тех пор, пока существуют условия, обеспечивающие её стабильность.
Электрическая дуга характеризуется интенсивной ионизацией газов, что приводит к падению анодного и катодного напряжений (на 10 и 40 В соответственно), высокой или очень высокой плотностью тока в середине плазменного шнура (от 102-103 до 107 А/см2), очень высокой температурой (сотни градусов Цельсия) всегда в середине плазменного шнура и низкому падению напряжения при расстоянии между концами дуги от нескольких микрон до нескольких сантиметров.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
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EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > явление электрической дуги
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8 до сих пор
•Atomic hydrogen remains a gas at the lowest temperature we have yet investigated.
•So far it has been assumed that the field applied to the gas is uniform.
•The designs discussed thus (or so) far provide examples of...
•To this point the assumption has been made that...
•The discussion up till (or to) now (or up to the present) has been based upon...
•This can be done more rapidly and accurately than has hitherto been possible.
•Up to this point it has been possible to work entirely with the concept of...
•The applications heretofore have tended towards special purpose machines.
•The other investigations mentioned up until this point can be arranged without sending the patient to hospital.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > до сих пор
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9 до сих пор
•Atomic hydrogen remains a gas at the lowest temperature we have yet investigated.
•So far it has been assumed that the field applied to the gas is uniform.
•The designs discussed thus (or so) far provide examples of...
•To this point the assumption has been made that...
•The discussion up till (or to) now (or up to the present) has been based upon...
•This can be done more rapidly and accurately than has hitherto been possible.
•Up to this point it has been possible to work entirely with the concept of...
•The applications heretofore have tended towards special purpose machines.
•The other investigations mentioned up until this point can be arranged without sending the patient to hospital.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > до сих пор
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10 до
•The lake is up to 600 m deep.
•As many as 50 individual reaction steps might be necessary for complete synthesis.
•If the region of accumulation is extended as far as the emitter...
•These losses may be as much as 1.5% of the silver present.
•Barretters can measure powers as small as 10-8 watt.
•We have made wire in sizes down to 0.005 in diameter.
•The heater will heat the gas to the desired temperature.
•This will heat the thermistor enough to lower the resistance to 200 ohms.
•Pieces weighing up to (or not over) three kilograms may be used for the test.
II•The group I tRNAs arose prior to the others (биол.).
•Prior to the seventeenth century...
•Until the Three Mile Island accident the most widely discussed type of reactor malfunction was...
•Prior to testing, all specimens were dried.
•This decreases time to rupture.
•Paste adhesives are knife-coated to uniform thickness.
IV. перед•A globe valve is installed in the supply air line, upstream from (or of) the reducer, so that the air may be shut off by hand.
см. с точностью доРусско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > до
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11 указанный
•All parts larger than indicated should be made from...
•With the assumptions outlined (or intimated, or listed, or mentioned) ( above) the required area can be calculated.
•The power outputs specified (or cited, or given) ( above) are those obtained at sea level.
• is the viscosity of water at the temperature in question.
•The gas is in equilibrium with liquid of the stated (or indicated) composition. The bottles could be opened at a prescribed depth.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > указанный
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12 значительный
•In the gas phase negligible attraction exists between molecules, while in a liquid attractive forces become important.
•A sizable proportion of the particles can attain...
•It is most improbable that any sizable population of identical molecules could result from random chance processes.
•Nonsilicate minerals seldom make up a major part of an igneous rock.
•Costs of steam and power generation are an important (or appreciable, or considerable, or substantial) part of overall plant costs.
•In spite of this impressive progress, solid fuel motors have certain disadvantages.
•Such boundaries present major (or considerable, or great) obstacles to slip propagation.
•This can have a material effect on our decision.
•Notable improvements have been made in reducing the size and weight of...
•Illuminating the entire retina with diffuse light does not have any dramatic effect on the pulse rate.
* * *Значительный (прогресс)-- Remarkable progress has clearly been achieved during the past few years in the understanding of guided-wave phenomena. Значительный -- considerable, substantial, siz(e)able, remarkable, major—значительные усилия будут направлены на—значительные усилия, направленные наРусско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > значительный
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13 значительный
•In the gas phase negligible attraction exists between molecules, while in a liquid attractive forces become important.
•A sizable proportion of the particles can attain...
•It is most improbable that any sizable population of identical molecules could result from random chance processes.
•Nonsilicate minerals seldom make up a major part of an igneous rock.
•Costs of steam and power generation are an important (or appreciable, or considerable, or substantial) part of overall plant costs.
•In spite of this impressive progress, solid fuel motors have certain disadvantages.
•Such boundaries present major (or considerable, or great) obstacles to slip propagation.
•This can have a material effect on our decision.
•Notable improvements have been made in reducing the size and weight of...
•Illuminating the entire retina with diffuse light does not have any dramatic effect on the pulse rate.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > значительный
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14 последствия аварийного
Последствия аварийного (выброса)-- Mainline block valves will be installed on the gas pipeline to minimize the effects of an accidental release. Последующий - subsequent, later (появившийся позже); ensuing, following, remaining, that follows, then (идущий следом или после); re..., future (ожидаемый в будущем)Subsequent work [...] revealed that the total recoverable creep could be described by a = Am.In the ensuing sections of the paper it is intended to show that the many diverse observations are consistent with the above classifications.In this and the sections that follow, reference is made to the subcritical, critical and supercritical ranges of Reynolds number.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > последствия аварийного
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15 полностью использовать
•This arrangement takes full advantage of solar energy.
•The work of expansion uses up the thermal energy of the gas.
•Full advantage can be taken of modern methods of mechanization.
•The authors made full use of this theory.
•A full benefit is taken of this feature by the department.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > полностью использовать
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16 рекомендации по проектированию
Рекомендации по проектированиюIt can be seen that the present design guidelines for low and medium pressure range applications can provide insufficient bolting to initiate a seal with conventional flat gaskets.Few design rules were given.Emphasis was placed on obtaining flow data at the lower speed ranges to establish aids for designing lube systems to insure sufficient oil for these conditions.Full use is made of design do's and don'ts developed by the gas turbine industry as the art has evolved from the 1940's both for aircraft and stationary engine purposes.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > рекомендации по проектированию
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17 детская забава
разг., пренебр.child's play; just toys for babies- Итак, Шельга, вы своими глазами видели действие аппарата? - Видел и теперь знаю: пушки, газы, аэропланы - всё это детская забава. (А. Толстой, Гиперболоид инженера Гарина) — 'And so you actually saw the machine at work, Shelga?' 'I saw it and now I know - guns, gas, aeroplanes, and all that are just toys for babies.'
Видно было, что в его непокорной чёрной голове роятся такие планы, перед которыми потопление транспорта в двенадцать тысяч тонн - просто детская забава. (А. Фадеев, Ленинград в дни блокады) — It was plain that his unruly black head was teeming with plans which made the sinking of a 12,000-ton transport seem, by comparison, mere child's play.
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18 избыток газа заставил автора приостановить опыт
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > избыток газа заставил автора приостановить опыт
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19 для учёта
•The analysis must he modified to accommodate the fact that...
•Formulas were developed to account for the effect of external pressure.
•To correct for the effect of pressure drop on gas velocity...
•A simple modification is necessary to take account of non-equilibrium conditions.
•To take into account (or To allow for) magnetic deflection...
•Corrections should be made to account for the distortion of...
* * *Для учёта -- to accommodate, to account for, to allow for, to take account of, to take into accountThese modifications had been found to be necessary to accommodate the nonuniform plastic flow of the workpiece.To account for this fact, a surface hardness measurement at a high strain rate is required.No correction was applied to take account of the effects of turbulence.Under these conditions the stalled flow model would have to be modified to take this pressure drop into account.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > для учёта
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20 для учёта
•The analysis must he modified to accommodate the fact that...
•Formulas were developed to account for the effect of external pressure.
•To correct for the effect of pressure drop on gas velocity...
•A simple modification is necessary to take account of non-equilibrium conditions.
•To take into account (or To allow for) magnetic deflection...
•Corrections should be made to account for the distortion of...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > для учёта
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